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Appendix 2
Etiologic Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
| Type 1 diabetes (including LADA form) (Beta cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) A. Immune-mediated B. Idiopathic |
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| Type 2 diabetes (May range from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance) |
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| Gestational diabetes mellitus | |
| Other specific types | |
| Genetic defects of beta-cell function • Chromosome 20, HNF-4alpha (MODY1) • Chromosome 7, glucokinase (MODY2) • Chromosome 12, HNF-1alpha (MODY3) • Chromosome 13, IPF-1 (MODY4) • Chromosome 17, HNF-1beta (MODY5) • Chromosome 2, NeuroD1 (MODY6) • Chromosome 2, KLF11 (MODY7) • Chromosome 9, CEL (MODY8) • Chromosome 7, PAX4 (MODY9) • Chromosome 11, INS (MODY10) • Chromosome 8, BLK (MODY11) • Chromosome 11, ABCC8 • Chromosome 11, KCNJ11 • Mitochondrial DNA • Permanent neonatal diabetes • Transient neonatal diabetes • Others Genetic defects in insulin action • Leprechaunism • Lipoatrophic diabetes • Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome • Type A insulin resistance • Others Diseases of the exocrine pancreas • Cystic fibrosis • Fibrocalculouspancreatopathy • Hemochromatosis • Neoplasia • Pancreatitis • Trauma/pancreatectomy • Others Endocrinopathies • Acromegaly • Aldosteronoma • Cushing’s syndrome • Glucagonoma • Hyperthyroidism • Pheochromocytoma • Somatostatinoma • Others |
Drug or chemical induced • Alpha-interferon • Atypical antipsychotics* • Beta-adrenergic agonists • Calcineurin inhibitors* • Diazoxide • Dilantin • Fluoroquinolones • Glucocorticoids* • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)* • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) • Nicotinic acid • Pentamidine • Thiazides • Thyroid hormone • Vacor (rodenticide) • Others Infections • Congenital rubella • Cytomegalovirus • Others Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes • Anti-insulin receptor antibodies • "Stiff-man" syndrome • Otherss Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes • Down syndrome • Friedreich's ataxia • Huntington chorea • Klinefelter syndrome • Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome • Myotonic dystrophy • Porphyria • Prader-Willi syndrome • Turner syndrome • Wolfram syndrome • Others |
| Adapted and updated from: American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35(suppl 1):S64-S71. LADA; latent autoimmune diabetes of adults * Medications more commonly associated with hyperglycemia. |
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